Characteristics of femtosecond machining are simply analyzed

Femtosecond laser is a laser with a pulse width of 1-1000 Fs (1 FS =10-15s). Other lasers are pulsed or continuous lasers with a pulse width of 1000 Fs (1 ps).

   Laser processing need to be considered in the process of laser wavelength, energy (or power), pulse width, frequency, pulse frequency, polarization and phase, should also consider focusing system and scanning speed and direction, processed object material composition, structure and form, and even material environment conditions such as temperature and atmosphere.

Technology principle

  Femtosecond processing has many advantages, first reflected in its high precision, based on the characteristics of multi-photon absorption and threshold effect, and the thermal effect in the processing can be ignored (that is, the cold processing is often emphasized).It should be noted here that this refers to the case of monopulse or pulse frequency is relatively low, but also relatively speaking, the laser wavelength and the characteristics of the object material are ignored here.

  In principle, femtosecond laser can obtain extremely high peak power (pulse energy/pulse width) with low pulse energy due to its short pulse width. When the laser is further focused on the material with an objective lens, various strong nonlinear effects can be caused due to the high energy density near the focus.

   Laser machining can be considered as a kind of laser induced reaction, which can be divided into induced molecular vibration and electron excitation in principle.The former is a thermal reaction, while the latter interacts with the chemical bonds associated with electrons in the atomic shell that makes up a substance.Considering the energy band structure of matter, long wavelength lasers such as CO2 laser generally use the thermal reaction caused by molecular vibration, while short wavelength lasers such as excimer laser use the cut off of chemical bonds caused by electron excitation.

   Near-infrared femtosecond laser processing through the multiphoton process, that is to say, although the material in laser wavelength (lambda) no linear absorption, but near the focal point of light intensity is very high, through the absorption multiple (n) photons at the same time, will play a short wavelength (lambda/n) of light to material inside as material to produce the same effect, implementation is controlled by the spatial selectivity of microstructure, and without affecting the surface structure, which is another advantage of femtosecond laser processing.

 
   When femtosecond laser interacts with materials, we consider the medium with no linear absorption in laser wavelength. First, the laser energy is deposited in the electronic system through multi-photon absorption or ionization, and then through a series of energy transfer and transportation processes, leading to a series of changes in materials.In general, under laser irradiation, the excitation time of electron absorption photon is within the FS range (in the process of pulse action), followed by electron-phonon coupling, and the time of energy transfer to the lattice and lattice thermal equilibrium is in the order of several to tens of ps.The time scale of thermal diffusion and material melting varies with different materials, which is basically in the order of tens to hundreds of ps.The ablative formation time of material surface varies from several hundred Ps to NS.

   Under the action of nanosecond and picosecond laser, the laser energy deposited in the electron gas is transmitted to the crystal lattice within the time when the laser pulse irradiates the material, thus causing the heating, melting and even ablation of the material. The thermal effect is obvious in the process.However, the pulse width of femtosecond laser is smaller than the time scale of electron-phonon interaction, and the laser energy deposited in the electron gas has no time to transmit to the ion laser pulse.At this time, the temperature of the electron gas is very high, while the temperature of the ion is very low. The material has a "cold" ablation process, which inhibits the hydromechanical effect, thermal effect and so on. The machining accuracy is very high.Thus widely used in microelectronics, aerospace and other industrial fields, but also used in medical, such as myopia correction, brain surgery.